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  1. 1. Botulinum Toxin : Formulation, Concentration and Treatment

    Författare :Alma Rystedt; Dag Nyholm; Carl Swartling; Klas Nordlind; Uppsala universitet; []
    Nyckelord :MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES; MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES; Botulinum toxin; Botox; Dysport; Xeomin; NeuroBloc; Hyperhidrosis; Cervical dystonia; Neurology; Neurologi;

    Sammanfattning : Botulinum toxin (BTX) is used in various fields of medicine, including the treatment of hyperhidrosis and cervical dystonia. Botox®, Dysport®, Xeomin® and NeuroBloc® are commercially available BTX products, which are formulated differently and their dosing units are unique. LÄS MER

  3. 2. Bioinformatics, evolution and revolution in our understanding of toxin-antitoxin systems

    Författare :Chayan Kumar Saha; Gemma C. Atkinson; Victoria Shingler; Gipsi Lima Mendez; Umeå universitet; []
    Nyckelord :NATURVETENSKAP; NATURAL SCIENCES; NATURVETENSKAP; NATURAL SCIENCES; Bioinformatics; Alarmones; Evolution; Gene neighbourhood; Toxin; Antitoxin; molekylärbiologi; Molecular Biology;

    Sammanfattning : Bacteria experience a wide range of natural challenges during their life cycles, to which they must respond and adapt to live. Under stressed conditions such as amino acid starvation, bacteria slow down their growth mechanism by producing small alarmone nucleotides guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp) and tetraphosphate (ppGpp), collectively referred to as (p)ppGpp. LÄS MER

  4. 3. Novel RelA-SpoT Homolog toxin-antitoxin systems that inhibit bacterial growth through production of toxic alarmone ppApp

    Författare :Steffi Jimmy; Vasili Hauryliuk; Vicky Shingler; Michael T. Laub; Umeå universitet; []
    Nyckelord :NATURVETENSKAP; NATURAL SCIENCES; p ppGpp; ppApp; toxin; antitoxin; alarmone; antibacterials; molekylärbiologi; Molecular Biology; Biochemistry; biokemi;

    Sammanfattning : The stress alarmone nucleotides guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp) and tetraphosphate (ppGpp), collectively known as (p)ppGpp, are the molecular mediators of the bacterial stringent response — a bacterial stress response implicated in virulence, antibiotic tolerance and biofilm formation. At high concentrations, (p)ppGpp halts bacterial growth, inhibits protein synthesis and rewires transcription and metabolism. LÄS MER

  5. 4. Mechanisms of Shiga toxin-mediated signaling and toxicity

    Författare :Karl Johansson; Lund Pediatrik; []
    Nyckelord :MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES; EHEC; Shiga toxin; Microvesicles; Purinergic Receptors;

    Sammanfattning : AbstractShiga toxin (Stx) is the main virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). EHEC strains cause gastrointestinal infection and release Stx that can gain access to the circulation. Patients may develop hemolytic uremic syndrome with extensive kidney damage. LÄS MER

  7. 5. Toxin production in clostridium difficile

    Författare :Sture Karlsson; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska Institutet; []
    Nyckelord :;

    Sammanfattning : Clostridium difficile is a is a Gram potential human pathogen. It causing symptoms ranging from mild C. difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) to severe inflammation of the colon including pseudomembranous colitis and fulminant colitis. Over 300 000 and about 10 000 CDAD episodes are diagnosed annually in the USA and Sweden, respectively. LÄS MER