Sökning: "trade costs"
Visar resultat 31 - 35 av 236 avhandlingar innehållade orden trade costs.
31. External costs of transports imposed on neighbours and fellow road users
Sammanfattning : This thesis consists of an introductory chapter and four research papers, summarized as follows. The overall purpose is to study various external effects of the transport system; effects that are not considered (or not fully considered) today. LÄS MER
32. Perspectives on future bioenergy use and trade in a European policy context
Sammanfattning : This thesis, which consists of five separate papers, analyses the possibilities for increasing the use and trade of bioenergy, in a European policy context. In Paper I we investigate whether different policy objectives underlying the promotion of bioenergy (cost-effective climate change mitigation, reduced dependency on imported fuels, and job creation) agree on which bioenergy options should be used. LÄS MER
33. Parallel Trade, Reference Pricing and Competition in the Pharmaceutical Market: Theory and Evidence
Sammanfattning : Paper I. Reference Pricing: Making Parallel Trade in Pharmaceuticals Work This paper shows that parallel trade makes pharmaceutical manufacturers reduce their prices in the home (importing) country more when it is combined with the healthcare reimbursement policy of reference pricing, requiring consumers to pay the full extra cost if they don’t buy cheaper parallel imported drugs. LÄS MER
34. Perspectives on bioenergy futures - International bioenergy trade and bioenergy expansion in a European policy context
Sammanfattning : Biomass can be used to substitute the use of fossil fuels in the energy system. Presently, the use of biomass is being promoted in Sweden and the rest of the EU by targets and policies. LÄS MER
35. Trade-off between starvation and predation : Weight-watching in Yellowhammers
Sammanfattning : In this thesis I show that captive yellowhammers (Emberiza citrinella) strategically adjusted their level of body mass and diurnal trajectory of mass increase to experimentally increased predation risk. During winter, small birds need large fat reserves to survive the night. Therefore, they build up fat reserves every day. LÄS MER